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外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定(附英文)

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外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定(附英文)

建设部 对外贸易经济合作部


中华人民共和国建设部
中华人民共和国对外贸易经济合作部


第114号


《外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定》已经2002年9月9日建设部第63次常务会议和2002年9月17日对外贸易经济合作部第10次部长办公会议审议通过,现予发布,自2002年12月1日起施行。



建设部部长 汪光焘
对外贸易经济合作部部长 石广生
二○○二年九月二十七日



外商投资建设工程设计企业管理规定


第一条 为进一步扩大对外开放,规范对外商投资建设工程设计企业的管理,根据《中华人民共和国建筑法》、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》、《中华人民共和国外资企业法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》等法律、行政法规,制定本规定。

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建设工程设计企业资质,实施对外商投资建设工程设计企业监督管理,适用本规定。

本规定所称外商投资建设工程设计企业,是指根据中国法律、法规的规定,在中华人民共和国境内投资设立的外资建设工程设计企业、中外合资经营建设工程设计企业以及中外合作经营建设工程设计企业。

第三条 外国投资者在中华人民共和国境内设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,并从事建设工程设计活动,应当依法取得对外贸易经济行政主管部门颁发的外商投资企业批准证书,在国家工商行政管理总局或者其授权的地方工商行政管理局注册登记,并取得建设行政主管部门颁发的建设工程设计企业资质证书。

第四条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内从事建设工程设计活动,应当遵守中国的法律、法规、规章。

外商投资建设工程设计企业在中华人民共和国境内的合法经营活动及合法权益受中国法律、法规、规章的保护。

第五条 国务院对外贸易经济合作行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作;国务院建设行政主管部门负责外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在授权范围内负责外商投资建设工程设计企业设立的管理工作;省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门按照本规定负责本行政区域内的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质的管理工作。

第六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业设立与资质的申请和审批,实行分级、分类管理。

申请设立建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由国务院建设行政主管部门审批;申请设立建筑工程设乙级资质、其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质外商投资建设工程设计企业的,其设立由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门审批,其资质由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批。

第七条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程设计甲级资质及其他建设工程设计甲、乙级资质的程序:

(一)申请者向拟设立企业所在地的省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门提出设立申请。

(二)省、自治区、直辖市人民政府对外贸易经济行政主管部门在受理申请之日起30日内完成初审;初审同意后,报国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门。

(三)国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到初审材料之日起10日内将申请材料送国务院建设行政主管部门征求意见。国务院建设行政主管部门在收到征求意见函之日起30日内提出意见。国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门在收到国务院建设行政主管部门书面意见之日起30日内作出批准或者不批准的书面决定。予以批准的,发给外商投资企业批准证书;不予批准的,书面说明理由。

(四)取得外商投资企业批准证书的,应当在30日内到登记主管机关办理企业登记注册。

(五)取得企业法人营业执照后,申请建设工程设计企业资质的,按照建设工程设计企业资质管理规定办理。

第八条 设立外商投资建设工程设计企业,申请建筑工程乙级资质和其他建设工程设计丙级及以下等级资质的程序,由各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门和对外贸易经济行政主管部门,结合本地区实际情况,参照本规定第七条以及建设工程设计企业资质管理规定执行。

省、自治区、直辖市人民政府建设行政主管部门审批的外商投资建设工程设计企业资质,应当在批准之日起30日内报国务院建设行政主管部门备案。

第九条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请晋升资质等级或者申请增加其他建设工程设计企业资质,应当依照有关规定到建设行政主管部门办理相关手续。

第十条 申请设立外商投资建设工程设计企业应当向对外贸易经济行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业设立申请书;

(二)投资方编制或者认可的可行性研究报告;

(三)投资方法定代表人签署的外商投资建设工程设计企业合同和章程(其中,设立外资建设工程设计企业只需提供章程);

(四)企业名称预先核准通知书;

(五)投资方所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明;

(六)投资方拟派出的董事长、董事会成员、经理、程技术负责人等任职文件及证明文件;

(七)经注册会计师或者会计师事务所审计的投资方最近三年的资产负债表和损益表。

第十一条 申请外商投资建设工程设计企业资质应当向建设行政主管部门提交下列资料:

(一)外商投资建设工程设计企业资质申报表;

(二)外商投资企业批准证书;

(三)企业法人营业执照;

(四)外方投资者所在国或者地区从事建设工程设计的企业注册登记证明、银行资信证明;

(五)外国服务提供者所在国或者地区的个人执业资格证明以及由所在国或者地区政府主管部门或者行业学会、协会、公证机构出具的个人、企业建设工程设计业绩、信誉证明;

(六)建设工程设计企业资质管理规定要求提供的其他资料。

第十二条 本规定中要求申请者提交的资料应当使用中文,证明文件原件是外文的,应当提供中文译本。

第十三条 外商投资建设工程设计企业的外方投资者及外国服务提供者应当是在其本国从事建设工程设计的企业或者注册建筑师、注册工程师。

第十四条 中外合资经营建设工程设计企业、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业中方合营者的出资总额不得低于注册资本的2596。

第十五条 外商投资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,应当符合建设工程设计企业资质分级标准要求的条件。

外资建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/4;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/4。

中外合资经营、中外合作经营建设工程设计企业申请建设工程设计企业资质,其取得中国注册建筑师、注册工程师资格的外国服务提供者人数应当各不少于资质分级标准规定的注册执业人员总数的1/8;具有相关专业设计经历的外国服务提供者人数应当不少于资质分级标准规定的技术骨干总人数的1/8。

第十六条 外商投资建设工程设计企业中,外国服务提供者在中国注册的建筑师、工程师及技术骨干,每人每年在中华人民共和国境内累计居住时间应当不少于6个月。

第十七条 外商投资建设工程设计企业在中国境内从事建设工程设计活动,违反《中华人民共和国建筑法机《建设工程质量管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计管理条例》、《建设工程勘察设计企业资质管理规定》等有关法律、法规、规章的,依照有关规定处罚。

第十八条 香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区的投资者在其他省、自治区、直辖市内投资设立建设工程设计企业,从事建设工程设计活动,参照本规定执行。法律、法规、国务院另有规定的除外。

第十九条 受理设立外资建设工程设计企业申请的时间由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门决定。

第二十条 本规定由国务院建设行政主管部门和国务院对外贸易经济行政主管部门按照各自职责负责解释。

第二十一条 本规定自2002年12月1日起施行,《成立中外合营工程设计机构审批管理规定》(建设〔1992〕180号)同时废止。

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises



The Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China


Decree No. 114


Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises approved respectively at the 63rd Executive Meeting of the Ministry of Construction on 9 September 2002 and at the 10th Ministerial Meeting of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation on 17 September 2002 are now issued and shall come into force on 1 December 2002.




Minister of the Ministry of Construction: Wang Guangtao
Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation: Shi Guangsheng


27 September 2002


 

Regulations on Administration of Foreign-Invested Construction and Engineering Design Enterprises


Article 1 These Regulations hereof are formulated in order to further the opening up to the outside and standardise the administration of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises in accordance with such laws and regulations as the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, the Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality and the Regulations on Administration of Reconnoitring and Designing of Construction Projects.


Article 2 These Regulations shall apply to the establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the application for construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications and the administration and supervision of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The term ‘foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise’ mentioned in these Regulations refers to a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise, or a Sino-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design enterprise established within the territory of the People’s Republic of China in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations.


Article 3 A foreign investor, which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise within the territory of the People’s Republic of China and carry out construction and engineering design business shall, in accordance with laws, obtain the foreign-invested enterprise approval certificate from the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department and register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce or its authorised administration of industry and commerce at local levels, and also obtain the qualification certificate of construction and engineering design enterprise from the relevant construction administration department.


Article 4 Foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall abide by the laws, regulations and rules of the People’s Republic of China when carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China.


The lawful operation of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises and their legal rights and interests within the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall be protected by Chinese laws, regulations and rules.


Article 5 The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of establishing foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises. The construction administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises.


The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be responsible for the administration of establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their authorized jurisdiction ; the construction administration departments of the people’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall, in accordance with these regulations, be responsible for the administration of the qualifications of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises within their administrative region.


Article 6 The application for and the examination and approval of the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the qualifications shall be managed by a grading and categorization system.


Where an applicant is to apply for Grade A qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade A or Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the State Council. Where an applicant is to apply for Grade B qualifications for construction and engineering design or other Grade C or lower qualifications for construction and engineering design, the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality and its qualifications shall be examined and approved by the construction administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality.


Article 7 The procedures for the establishment of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for construction and engineering design qualifications or other Grade A or B engineering design qualifications shall be:


(1) The applicant shall submit an application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality where the proposed foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to be established.


(2) The foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality shall complete the preliminary examination within 30 days of receiving the application, and shall, if it grants the preliminary approval, submit the application to the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council for further approval.


(3) Within 10 days of receiving the application for further approval, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall forward the application to the construction administrative department of the State Council for review and comments. The construction administration department of the State Council shall provide its opinion in writing within 30 days of receiving the request. Within 30 days of receiving the response, the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall decide whether or not to approve the application and express such a decision in written form. If the application is approved, a foreign-invested enterprise certificate shall be granted; if the application is not approved, reasons for the disapproval shall be given in written form.


(4) Within 30 days of receiving the approval certificate, the applicant shall carry out enterprise registration with the relevant registration department.


(5) After obtaining business license for the legal entity, if the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise is to apply for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, the application shall be carried out in accordance with the Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 8 The procedures for the establishment of a construction and engineering design enterprise and the application for Grade B qualifications and Grade C or lower qualifications for engineering design shall be administered by the construction administration department and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the people’s government of the province, or the autonomous region or the directly administered municipality based on local conditions with reference to Article 7 of these Regulations and Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Examination and approval of the qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises by the construction administration departments of the People’s government of provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities shall be put on file with the construction administration department of the State Council within 30 days after the approval is given.


Article 9 The application by a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise to upgrade its qualifications or to add additional engineering qualifications shall be made to the relevant construction administration department in accordance with relevant regulations.


Article 10 An applicant which intends to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall submit the following documents to the relevant foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department:


(1) Application forms to establish a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise signed by the investor’s legal representative;


(2) The feasibility study report prepared or accepted by the investor;


(3) The contract for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise and the articles of association signed by the investor’s legal representative (only the the articles of association are required for the establishment of a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise);


(4) The notification of pre-verification of the name of the enterprise;


(5) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(6) Appointment letters and documentary evidence of the investor’s designated chairman and members of the board of directors, managers and technical managers etc.; and


(7) Balance sheets and profit and loss accounts of the investor over the past three years audited by a certified accountant or an accounting firm.


Article 11 The applicant applying for foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications shall submit the following documents to the relevant construction administration department:


(1) Application forms for the qualifications for a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(2) The approval certificate for the establishment of the foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise;


(3) The business license for the legal entity;


(4) Documentary evidence of legal entity registration of the investor to carry out construction and engineering design in its home country or region and its bank credential letter;


(5) Professional qualification certificate issued by his home country or region and the individual or enterprise construction and engineering design track record and documentary evidence of its reputation issued by the relevant governmental department or professional institution, association or notary public; and


(6) Other documents as required by Regulations on Administration of Construction and Engineering Design Enterprise Qualifications.


Article 12 All materials required to be submitted by an applicant under these Regulations shall be in Chinese. If the original documentary evidence is in a foreign language, a Chinese translation shall be provided.


Article 13 The foreign investor or the foreign service provider of a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall be an enterprise engaged in construction and engineering design or a certified architect or a certified engineer in his or her home country.


Article 14 The total capital contribution of the Chinese party to a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively construction and engineering design joint venture shall not be less than 25% of the registered capital.


Article 15 The criteria of grading of qualifications of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be in accordance with the requirements of grading of qualifications of construction and engineering design enterprise issued by the construction administration department of the State Council.


Where a wholly foreign-owned construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/4 of the total certified professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and the foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/4 of the total key technical personnel required under the qualification grading criteria.


Where a Sin-foreign equity construction and engineering design joint venture or a Sino-foreign cooperatively managed construction and engineering design enterprise applies for the construction and engineering design enterprise qualifications, its foreign service providers who have been qualified as certified architects or certified engineers in China shall not be less than 1/8 of the total registered professionals required under the qualification grading criteria, and its foreign service providers who have the relevant design experience shall not be less than 1/8 of the total key technical staff required under the qualification grading criteria.


Article 16 Each of the architects and engineers certified in China and the key technical personnel of the foreign service provider in a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise shall reside within the territory of the People’s Republic of China for no less than a cumulative period of 6 months each year.


Article 17 Where a foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprise carrying out construction and engineering design activities within the territory of the People’s Republic of China violates the Construction Law of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Quality, Regulations on Administration of Prospecting and Designing of Construction Projects and Regulations on Administration of Construction Engineering Prospecting Design Enterprise Qualifications and other relevant laws, regulations and rules, it shall be penalized in accordance with relevant provisions.


Article 18 Investors from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan shall establish construction and engineering design enterprises and carry out businesses in other provinces, autonomous regions or directly administered municipalities in accordance with these Regulations, unless it is otherwise provided by laws, regulations and the State Council.


Article 19 The timing for accepting and processing the application for establishment of foreign-invested construction and engineering design enterprises shall be determined by the construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council.


Article 20 The construction administration department of the State Council and the foreign trade and economic cooperation administration department of the State Council shall be responsible for interpreting these Regulations in accordance with their functions.


Article 21 These Regulations shall go into force on 1 December 2002. Regulations on Administration of Establishment of Sino-Foreign Project Design Joint Venture (File No. 180, 1992) shall be repealed at the same time.




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浙江法院系统司法网拍首拍取得巨大成功后,不断总结经验、完善做法,司法拍卖改革在修正中稳步推进。在动产网拍全线铺开的同时,不动产网拍也迅速跟进,让我们看到了司法与时俱进的改革魄力和实事求是的工作智慧。但任何制度都不可能是完美无缺的,去年8月某法院的一次网拍中,买受人成交后未按约定支付价款导致该次拍卖失败。有媒体将该现象称为“流拍”,认为司法网拍的风险已经显现。笔者认为,此种说法存在认识上的错误,且有小题大做之嫌。

首先应该指出的是,拍卖成交后买受人违约不付款导致拍卖不成立的行为不能称为流拍。流拍是指在拍卖中,由于起拍价格过高,拍卖过程中无人竞价或者竞买人最高应价没有达到起拍价而造成的拍卖交易失败。可见,流拍时拍卖并未成交,流拍其实是拍卖行为的一种失败状态。但买受人成交后未按约定支付价款的行为,是拍卖成交后买受人的一种违约行为,与流拍有着截然不同的性质。

其次,买受人成交后未按约定支付价款导致拍卖失败的现象,并非司法网拍的特有产物,其在传统拍卖中也普遍存在。另外,传统司法拍卖中因买受人成交后未按约定支付价款导致拍卖不成立的现象也不罕见,传统司法拍卖同样也面临这样的问题。而且长期以来,为了杜绝这种现象,提高拍卖成功率,传统司法拍卖采取了预防措施,传统的做法是买受人违约后,按照《竞买合同》或《须知》承担违约责任,或者由拍卖人征得委托人的同意,将拍卖标的再行拍卖。拍卖标的再行拍卖的,原买受人应当支付第一次拍卖中本人及委托人应当支付的佣金。再行拍卖的价款低于原拍卖价款的,原买受人应当补足差额。拍卖前买受人交付竞买保证金的,保证金予以没收,待再次拍卖成功后用于补足两次拍卖成交价的差额。但传统司法拍卖中的这些做法仍未彻底避免该行为的发生。若将此种现象作为司法网拍的新生风险对司法网拍进行质疑或者寄望于司法网拍在推行之初就完全杜绝该风险,未免对司法网拍这一新生事物的要求过于苛刻。

笔者认为,与传统司法拍卖相比,司法网拍在防范此类风险上更有优势:一是司法网拍借助淘宝网庞大的客户群更大幅度扩散拍卖信息,提高拍卖的参与度,一改传统司法拍卖参与人数较少的局面,更能有效挖掘诚信度高、履约能力强的竞标人,从而降低因买受人未按约定支付价款而导致拍卖不成立的概率;二是借助淘宝网网络信息汇总的统一性和传递的及时性,全国各级法院可以及时交流、分享违约买受人信息,有针对性地采取相应对策,避免诚信度较低的买受人多次出现违约行为。传统拍卖行业中曾有人士呼吁建立“行业黑名单”来缓解买受人违约问题,但因为各个拍卖行情况不同,对黑名单的态度也不同,所以行业黑名单在实行过程中困难重重。而且传统拍卖中买家是重要资源,在日益激烈的拍卖行业竞争中显得尤为珍贵,为了提高自己的竞争力,各拍卖行一般不愿公布。而司法网拍就不存在这种障碍,在信息共享上更有优势。

众所周知,任何一项制度的发展、完善,都需要克服现实中的种种障碍,司法网拍也是如此。针对拍卖中出现的买受人成交后未按约定支付价款的行为,传统司法拍卖中所采取的制约措施司法网拍也都进行了规定,例如司法网拍也要求竞买人交付竞买保证金,但同样无法完全杜绝此类现象的发生。对此,应进一步改革探索,建立有效的制约机制,促进司法网拍良性循环。笔者认为,可从以下三个方面进行探索:

一是借助淘宝网先进的科技平台,参考淘宝拍卖中已较为成熟的买家信用评价机制,打造司法网拍行业黑名单。所谓黑名单,即客户诚信档案,是对拍卖成交后恶意拒付款项致使拍卖不成立的买家进行不良信用记录,凡是存在此种不良信用记录的买家在一定时间内都将无法再次参与司法网拍。淘宝网有着统一的操作平台和强大的科技支撑,可通过技术研发,使司法网拍系统根据竞买人的网络竞买记录自动生成诚信档案并据此对司法网拍的报名买家进行自动筛选,将有不良信用记录的买家拦截在网拍门外,低成本、高效率实现网拍参与人员信用记录共享,有效地防止违约行为的出现。

二是实行惩罚性违约金与赔偿性违约金相结合,加大买受人违约责任。拍卖法第三十九条规定:“买受人应当按照约定支付拍卖标的的价款,未按照约定支付价款的,应当承担违约责任”。而实践中,买受人承担违约责任的主要方式,就是其事先交纳的保证金不予返还,对再次拍卖产生的价款差额,从保证金中予以扣除,不足及差额部分再行追诉,从这种意义上说,竞买保证金具有违约金性质。从性质上看,此种违约金数额是既定的,不受实际损失数额的影响,属于惩罚性违约金。此种违约金在约束买受人的违约行为方面具有一定的约束作用,但受制于其数额的既定性,很多情况下不能有效弥补损失,难以对买受人的行为起到充分的震慑作用。因此,可以探索在拍卖中实行惩罚性违约金与赔偿性违约金相结合,除已有的交纳竞买保证金作为惩罚性违约金外,可在拍卖竞买协议中约定赔偿性违约金,用以弥补因买受人违约造成的损失,加重买受人的违约责任,降低违约风险。

三是法院系统共同探索建立司法网拍委托执行机制。司法网拍因打破了拍卖的地域限制而吸引了全国各地的竞拍人,浙江省宁波市北仑区人民法院首拍的宝马轿车就最终被一名东北买家拍走,杭州市萧山区人民法院网拍的起亚越野轿车则吸引了全国十几个省市的买家。如果买受人出现违约行为需法院强制执行,拍卖法院可能会受制于地理空间而难以对省外买受人进行执行,即便可以执行,其成本也较高。司法网拍委托执行机制建立后,拍卖法院竞拍结束后可通过淘宝获得买受人信息,一旦买受人发生违约行为,而拍卖法院不便进行调查或执行时,可根据买受人信息显示的地理位置,委托当地法院进行调查,避免因买受人地域范围过大而带来的实际执行困难。


(作者单位:浙江省宁波市北仑区人民法院)

河南省人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《河南省劳动力市场条例》的决定

河南省人大常委会


河南省人民代表大会常务委员会关于修改《河南省劳动力市场条例》的决定

(2004年11月26日河南省第十届人民代表大会

常务委员会第十二次会议通过)

  
河南省第十届人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》的规定,决定对《河南省劳动力市场条例》作如下修改:

删去第二十四条第二款。

本决定自2005年1月1日起施行。

《河南省劳动力市场条例》根据本决定修改后,重新公布。